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--- {\bf Introducing \TeX} ---
.~\phantom{This is a general introduction to }~.
This is a general introduction to the \TeX\ typesetting system. \TeX\ has
recently been completely rewritten, thoroughly debugged, and it is now
available for general distribution.\phantom{\TeX\ is a computerized type}
\ph~\TeX~is~a~computerized typesetting system that allows for the highest
possible typographic quality output within the capability of the
associated physical hardware. The \TeX\ system has been standardized so as
to produce similar results on different computer systems and it will run
on any reasonable large system.  The \TeX\ output is portable, either via
many of the larger computer nets or on magnetic tape. It may be printed on
a printer of modest capabilities for editing and proofing and it then can
also be used with a higher quality printer or photo-type-setting system to
produce the final document.
\phantom{\TeX\ is regularly used for business letters,\TeX\ is regularly used}
\ph \TeX~is~regularly used for business letters, concert programs, technical
abstracts, catalogues, technical and mathematical textbooks and the
highest quality non-technical books.  While \TeX\ found its early users
largely in acedemic circles it is now finding increasing favor in
commercial settings.\phantom{\TeX\ is similar in}\phantom{\TeX\ is similar in soome respects}
\ph \TeX~is~similar~in some respects to Troff, Runoff, Script, Scribe and
other document compilers. It differs from these in that it
provides an extremely great amount of flexibility to allow formatting of a
wide range of document types, subject only to the detailed requirements of
the user.  This flexibility is achieved by the use of a comprehensive set
of low-level typographic primitives and by mechanisms that allow these
primitives to be used for the construction of higher-level constructs,
called `control sequences', or `macros' that the user may construct, or
that are supplied to him as `macro packages'.  Several such `macro
packages' are currently available and more are in preparation.%
\phantom{ \TeX~allows~for the}
\ph \TeX~allows~for the use of up to 256 different fonts of almost any size.
It provides for ligature replacements, kerning, automatic hyphenation,
line justification, centering, flushing right or left, tabular aligning,
the formatting of complicated mathematical expressions, section and page
numbering, page breaking, the introduction of running heads, the numbering
and placing of footnotes, and the preparation of table of contents and an
index, to name but a few of the special features.\phantom{the special features}
\ph \TeX~is~not~a~text editor (of the Wordstar, RMACS, MINCE, etc. variety),
and indeed, a conventional text or system editor is needed to produce the
file of information that is used as the input to the \TeX\ compiler.
Nor is \TeX\  an interactive, `what you see is what you get', type of
editor.  While efforts will undoubtedly be made. with time, to render \TeX\ more
interactive, many of the final decisions relating to line breaking,
paragraph forming and page breaking, cannot be made on the fly.
It is, of course possible to have an output  program that will display \TeX's
output on a scope and at
least one such display program is already in everyday use.
\ph \TeX\ has recently been completely rewritten}
\vbox{\hfill\box0\hfill}

%\pageno=2
\footline={\hss\tenrm\folio\hss}
\noindent with many new features based
on several years of operation experience with the earlier version on many
different computer systems at many different educational institutions, by
the American Mathematical Society and at a substantial number of
industrial organizations in this country and abroad.

\ph The source code has
been written in a new language and is intended to be an example of a
prefered method of writing and documenting a large programming system.
\ph \TeX\ has been protected by copywrite to prevent it from being
modifications to be made by others and to insure compatable output on
different systems. \TeX\ has been put in the public domain and it is made
generally available to all potential users at no cost other than that
incurred in duplicating the necessary \TeX\ input tapes. A `change file'
mechanism allows \TeX\ to be modified, at loading time, to accomodate any
system-dependent features of each particular computer system. `Macro'
packages and `change file' packages, both those written at Stanford and
some written by others and put in the public domain, are also distributed
by Stanford or by authorized distributers.

\ph Value-added non-public-domain `macro' packages, complementing \TeX\ basic
capability, and `change file' packages, adapting \TeX\ to a variety of
different machine environments, are also available.


\bye





************
Here is my outline for a general introduction to the TeX system.
What do you think?
	-david
What is TeX?
	"Document compiler" similar to Troff, Runoff, Script, Scribe, etc.
	Flexibility to allow formatting of wide range of different document
		designs.
	Used in academic and commercial settings
	Allow for highest typographic quality output possible!
	Technical and math text!
	Portable, CPU and output device
	Compatible results on different CPUs
	Dramatic new hyphenation, line-breaking, page-breaking algorithms
	Flexible footnotes, figure placement, white space distribution
		and widow control, up to 256 fonts of any size, kerning
		and ligatures, automatic spacing after punctuation, foreign
		languages allowed (including hyphenation).
	Low-level typographic primitives that allow construction of higher
		level capabilities, such as automatic indexing, balanced
		columns, table-of-contents, structured documents, etc.
	User assisted interactive error recovery, with on-line help messages.

What TeX isn't.
	Interactive what-you-see-is-what-you-get.
	A text editor (Wordstar, EMACS, Mince, etc.)
	A native high-level language.

Where did TeX come from?
	Stanford CSD
	Prof. Donald Knuth
		Art of Computer Programming
		Disgust with low-quality computer typography
		Scholarly study of high-quality typography
	TeX project includes
		Students
		Other faculty
	Supported by
		Stanford University
		NSF
		IBM
		Office Naval Research
		System Development Foundation
	Early version used by universities and some corporations for years
	Feedback from AMS, other commercial corporations.
	New version, totally rewritten, new features and new manuals
	Source code intended to be an example of programming and documenting
		a large system.

Who owns TeX?
	"TEX" vs. "TeX" vs. "\TeX".
	public domain
	copyright Knuth
	trademark AMS
	Avoid incompatible TeX's: test suite
	Value added non public domain commercial support software OK
	We send out tapes and documentation for TeX and our fonts

What documentation is available?
	TeXbook
		A real book
			high quality, typeset with TeX
			Addison-Wesley
			available in technical bookstores
		500 pages, including excellent index
		$15
		first chapters introductory
	TUG: The TeX User group
		TUGboat publication
		Meetings
		Classes
	"First Grade TeX"
	LaTeX, AmSTeX
	Complete source code listing of the system

What Language is TeX written in?
	WEB, a macro language on top of Pascal
	We supply the macro processor, you supply the Pascal compiler
	Complete source code listing of the system provided
		Exhaustively Commented.
		Pretty-printed.
		Typeset with TeX
		Meant to create a new standard of internal documentation
		To be published as part of the "Computer Typography" series
	Portable Pascal--standard except for "otherwise", file names on open
	Installation optimized with changes for I/O and system interface.

What computer systems does TeX now run on?
	IBM VM/CMS, MVS
	DEC Vax/VMS, Berkeley Vax/Unix, Tops-20, Tops-10, Tenex
	HP 9826/36 (Motorola 68000 based), 1000, 3000
	Multics
	Prime
	Data General MV8000
	Apollo
	Cray-1
	Honeywell CP-6
	Others
	More to come
	Need 32-bit arithmatic and 20-bit process address space

What output devices TeX is being used with.
	QMS, Symbolics, Imagen
	Versatec, Varian
	IBM Electro-Erosion printer
	HP 2680A
	Xerox Dover, 9700
	Florida Data, Printronix, Epson, etc.
	Autologic APS, Compugraphic 8600, Alphatype CRS, Linotron 202
	Various bit-map screens (high resolution necessary)
	Others
	more to come

Who's fonts can TeX be used with?
	Ours
		"Computer Modern"
		especially for math
		made with METAFONT
		available as bit-maps, any resolution
		Available now, improved versions coming
		developed with MetaFont, which is to be available in '84
	Theirs
		need width information
		kerning and ligature info is nice too
		height, depth, italic slant, x-height, even better
		math characters need even more info
	problems getting our fonts on to some printers

Programs that are part of the TeX package
	WEB system
		TANGLE
		WEAVE
		POOLtype
	TeX system
		TeX
		PLtoTF and TFtoPL for font maintainance
		DVItype and a complete test suite
		PATGEN for new language hyphenation
	Metafont system (some day)
-------


\bye

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%.\null\ \ \quad\qquad{\rml \TeX }\qquad\quad\ \ \null.
This is an introductory ready-reference \TeX82 manual for the beginner
who would like to do First Grade \TeX\ work.
Only the most basic features of the \TeX\
system are discussed in detail.  Other features are summarized in an
appendix and references are given to the more complete documentation
available elsewhere.~~~~~~~~~\phantom{\TeX}
\phantom{\TeX}\TeX\ is a computerized typesetting system.  As \TeX\ is normally used,
the original text is typed (into an input file) very much as it would be
typed for submission to an old-fashioned printer except that this input file
must now contain all of the instructions that are needed to describe the
desired format for the printed output.  Given such a description, still in
rather general terms, the \TeX\ compiler is able to specify in precise
detail the font (i.e., the size and kind of typeface)
and the location for each character that is to be printed.
Your final output can meet the very best publishing
 standards.\phantom{Defining~book~quality~output~may~not~be% 
~Defining~book~quality~output} 
\phantom{\TeX}Defining book quality text is not an easy task.  While the \TeX\ system
takes care of many of the tedious details, the wealth of facilities that
\TeX\ provides can be very confusing to the beginner and sometimes even to
the experienced user.  These facilities include the handling of such
matters as: 1)~ligature replacements (for example, fi for f{i}),
2)~kerning (different spacings between certain letter pairs), 3)~automatic
hyphenation, 4)~line justification, 5)~centering, 6)~flushing right or
left, 7)~tabular aligning, 8)~the formatting of complicated mathematical
expressions, 9)~section and page numbering, 10)~the introduction of
running heads, 11)~the numbering and placing of footnotes, and 12) the
preparation of a table of contents and an index, to name but a few.\phantom{It will be assumed that~it~will~it will}
\phantom{\TeX}It will be assumed
 that the reader is already acquainted with the use of a
computer and with at least one text editor that can be used while typing
the \TeX\ input file.  One minor warning at this point: Do not use an
editor that requires or leaves its own special formatting marks (line numbers,
word processing commands, etc.)
in the
file that it produces, unless your version of \TeX\ has been specially tailored to 
tolerate them. Such marks will be assumed to be a part of the text
by \TeX . The text in the input file should be broken up into
reasonably short lines.  \TeX\ will ignore 1)~the way you break your
paragraphs into lines, 2)~extra
spaces between words, and 3)~extra blank lines between paragraphs,
although it does accept one or more blank lines as indicating a paragraph break.
\phantom{\qquad \TeX\ is usually preloaded with one~or~more~more~more}
\phantom{\TeX}\TeX\ is usually preloaded with one or more 
special files that define many
very useful commands.  This manual assumes that you will be using a basic
file called {\tt PLAIN.TEX}, and \TeX\ when so loaded will be refered to
as {\sl plain} \TeX . We will not discuss the details as to how one
actually types the input information, how this is saved as a file on the
system, how one evokes the \TeX\ compiler, and how one instructs the
computer system to print the final document, as these~features~are~highly 
system~dependent.\phantom{highly~dependent.}}
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\bye